Thus we estimate a car manufacturer can expect a reduction in price per car of $139 per 1,000-point increase in its CDS spread. However, a manufacturer's expected warranty costs also decline as it falls deeper into financial distress, as it becomes less likely it will need to actually honor warranties. Warranty costs are not directly observed in the data, but industry trade press estimates suggest that dealers charge up to 50% markup on extended warranties (which does not include the markup of the actual warranty provider).12 Additionally, GM reported warranty claims of around 3% of sales over 2003 to 2008.13 Given our estimate above that consumers value the warranty on a new car at about $1,400, and supposing an average wholesale (i.e., to-dealer) price of $25,000 per car, this also implies a warranty margin of just under 50%. Hence, we approximate that a manufacturer loses an average of about $70 of margin per car for every 1,000-point increase in its CDS spread.