LIMITATIONAs with all empirical research, the limitations of the present study should be addressed. One notable limitation of this study was the small number of respondents (21) from one particular industry. The small sample size (low statistical power) and the lack of occupational heterogeneity limited the ability to generalize the findings of the present study. Furthermore, since the present study exclusively examined the relationship of Hard HRM and Soft HRM with the turnover rate in the hospitality industry, a qualitative approach such as in-depth interviews would be useful to examine the extent of adverse elements of HRM orientation would affect the turnover rate.