If an Accucheck can be performed immediately, it is reasonable to await the results (which are typically available within 1 minute) before deciding whether to administer glucose.
Once the diagnosis of hypoglycemia is made, search carefully for the cause in the previously healthy patient. In the diabetic patient, potential causes of the hypoglycemic episode include medication changes, dietary changes, new metabolic changes, recent illness, and occult infection.
Admission criteria
Admission criteria for patients with acute hypoglycemia include the following:
No obvious cause
Oral hypoglycemic agent
Long-acting insulin
Persistent neurologic deficits
Patients with no known cause or no previous episodes of hypoglycemia must be admitted for further evaluation.
For overdose, accidental ingestion, or therapeutic misadventures with oral hypoglycemics, little correlation exists between the amount of oral hypoglycemic agent ingested and the length or depth of coma. These patients require admission.
Inadequate data are available to predict the extent or the time course of hypoglycemia in children.
Chlorpropamide has demonstrated refractory hypoglycemia for up to 6 days after ingestion. Asymptomatic patients who have ingested hypoglycemic agents should be observed for the development of hypoglycemia, because the onset of action and the half-life are extremely variable. The length of observation is based on the ingested agent.
Goh et al, using criteria of successful discharge of patients from the observational ward within 24 hours and the hypoglycemia recurrence after discharge, found that selected patients can be treated effectively and safely in a 24-hour observational ward.[8] Of the 203 patients enrolled in the study, 170 were discharged, after meeting a strict set of criteria, and 33 were transferred for inpatient care. The median length of stay in the observational ward was 23 hours.
Patients were contacted at 7 and 28 days after discharge.[8] Of 151 patients contacted, 6 had recurrent hypoglycemia symptoms, 2 of whom reattended the ED and were admitted; 4 patients had mild symptoms self-managed at home.[6] Two other patients reattended the ED for conditions not related to hypoglycemia. Nineteen patients could not be contacted, but no record of reattendance to the ED could be found.
Discharge criteria
For patients on either short-acting insulin or hypoglycemic agents who have not eaten and have had their hypoglycemia reversed rapidly, a high carbohydrate meal prior to discharge is recommended. Discharge may be considered after a high carbohydrate meal in the following situations:
An obvious cause is found and treated
The hypoglycemic episode is reversed rapidly
A competent adult who has been directed to monitor fingerstick glucose measurements closely during the remainder of the day should accompany the patient after discharge.
Discharging a patient following a hypoglycemic episode that is likely the result of a long-acting oral hypoglycemic medication is a potential pitfall. Any patient for whom the cause is not identified readily may have a recurrence of hypoglycemia with resultant sequelae.
Patients must be counseled as to the causes and the early signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. This counseling is particularly important for those patients who have a history of prior episodes of hypoglycemia or who are newly diagnosed diabetics. General outpatient diabetic education or inpatient diabetic teaching is indicated.
If an Accucheck can be performed immediately, it is reasonable to await the results (which are typically available within 1 minute) before deciding whether to administer glucose.Once the diagnosis of hypoglycemia is made, search carefully for the cause in the previously healthy patient. In the diabetic patient, potential causes of the hypoglycemic episode include medication changes, dietary changes, new metabolic changes, recent illness, and occult infection.Admission criteriaAdmission criteria for patients with acute hypoglycemia include the following:No obvious causeOral hypoglycemic agentLong-acting insulinPersistent neurologic deficitsPatients with no known cause or no previous episodes of hypoglycemia must be admitted for further evaluation.For overdose, accidental ingestion, or therapeutic misadventures with oral hypoglycemics, little correlation exists between the amount of oral hypoglycemic agent ingested and the length or depth of coma. These patients require admission.Inadequate data are available to predict the extent or the time course of hypoglycemia in children.Chlorpropamide has demonstrated refractory hypoglycemia for up to 6 days after ingestion. Asymptomatic patients who have ingested hypoglycemic agents should be observed for the development of hypoglycemia, because the onset of action and the half-life are extremely variable. The length of observation is based on the ingested agent.Goh et al, using criteria of successful discharge of patients from the observational ward within 24 hours and the hypoglycemia recurrence after discharge, found that selected patients can be treated effectively and safely in a 24-hour observational ward.[8] Of the 203 patients enrolled in the study, 170 were discharged, after meeting a strict set of criteria, and 33 were transferred for inpatient care. The median length of stay in the observational ward was 23 hours.Patients were contacted at 7 and 28 days after discharge.[8] Of 151 patients contacted, 6 had recurrent hypoglycemia symptoms, 2 of whom reattended the ED and were admitted; 4 patients had mild symptoms self-managed at home.[6] Two other patients reattended the ED for conditions not related to hypoglycemia. Nineteen patients could not be contacted, but no record of reattendance to the ED could be found.Discharge criteriaFor patients on either short-acting insulin or hypoglycemic agents who have not eaten and have had their hypoglycemia reversed rapidly, a high carbohydrate meal prior to discharge is recommended. Discharge may be considered after a high carbohydrate meal in the following situations:An obvious cause is found and treatedThe hypoglycemic episode is reversed rapidlyA competent adult who has been directed to monitor fingerstick glucose measurements closely during the remainder of the day should accompany the patient after discharge.Discharging a patient following a hypoglycemic episode that is likely the result of a long-acting oral hypoglycemic medication is a potential pitfall. Any patient for whom the cause is not identified readily may have a recurrence of hypoglycemia with resultant sequelae.Patients must be counseled as to the causes and the early signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. This counseling is particularly important for those patients who have a history of prior episodes of hypoglycemia or who are newly diagnosed diabetics. General outpatient diabetic education or inpatient diabetic teaching is indicated.
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