Female fecundity in total eggs laid was not significantly affected in the first experimental series using 100–300 Gy doses (R2¼ 0.19; Table 3). Male exposure to dose levels of ≥ 100Gy resulted in significantly (R2¼ 0.77) fewer eggs showing visible embryonic development (VED; e.g., developing to and beyond the “red” color stage) compared to controls. In contrast, numbers of eggs laid did not differ significantly for those eggs showing no visible embryonic development (NVED; R2¼ 0.02).