When all costs are calculated the Green Revolution is not cost-efficient. While centralized, industrial agricultural methods reduce labor costs by substituting herbicides, insecticides and synthetically-produced fertilizers as well as farm machinery for application and crop maintenance, the energy costs are much higher than in organic farming systems. A study of Rodale Institute’s FST from 1981 to 2002 shows that fossil energy inputs for organic corn production were about 30% lower than for conventionally produced corn. (Pimentel et al. 2005; Pimentel 2006)