Figure 5 (b) shows that the average distance traveled by
vehicles in scenarios 4 and 5 increases (due to route changes).
Since the main goal is to reduce travel time, however, the
increased route length is not significant to the point of compromising
the benefits of CARTIM. Figure 5 (c) shows that
CARTIM reduced the emission of CO2 [5], [12] in scenarios
4 and 5 compared to scenario 3. This was due to a reduction
in the average travel time of vehicles in these scenarios.