This study aims to understand the differences in structure and mechanical properties between domesticated and wild silkworm cocoons reared under different conditions, which will be of importance to related research in understanding and utilizing non-mulberry silk materials. For example, the temperate oak tasar (A. pernyi) silk fibre has intermediate mechanical properties between the B. mori silkworm silk and the Nephila clavipes spider silk. The amino acid sequence of its silk fibroin is surprisingly similar to that of the partial sequence of the major ampullate silk spidroin I of the N. clavipes silk [20]. The research in A. pernyi silk will have great implication to bioengineered super-tough “spider silks”. Amongst the natural biomaterials available, silkworm silk protein fibroin possesses unique mechanical strength, biocompatibility and relative ease in fabrication into diverse morphologies [21]. The superior mechanical property, non-cytotoxic property and low level of inflammatory response of the non-mulberry silk fibroin make it an excellent candidate material for tissue engineering [22].