Another possible explanation of how metabolic syndrome
may predict HF independently of the established risk factors
is that the cut-off level for blood pressure is lower in the
NCEP definition of metabolic syndrome than in the current
definition of hypertension.20 Blood pressures in the high
normal range (systolic 130–139 mm Hg or diastolic 85–
89 mm Hg) are captured by the NCEP definition. High blood
pressure is the most important risk factor for HF on a
population level,3 and a blood pressure in the high normal
range has previously been shown to increase the risk of
subsequent cardiovascular events.37 To evaluate this possible
explanation of the association between metabolic syndrome
and HF, we performed secondary analyses adjusted for
hypertension defined with the same cut-off levels as in the
NCEP definition of metabolic syndrome. In these analyses,
metabolic syndrome was a borderline significant predictor of
HF, and the hazard ratio was a little lower (1.61, as compared
with 1.66 in the primary model). This indicates that the blood
pressure level explains some, but not all, of the risk for HF
contained in metabolic syndrome. When we adjusted for
interim myocardial infarction during the follow up, metabolic
syndrome was a significant predictor of HF after adjustment
of all established risk factors, including hypertension
according to the alternative definition. The hazard ratio for
metabolic syndrome was higher in the models adjusted for
myocardial infarction during follow up, implying that
myocardial infarction was a negative confounder for the
association between metabolic syndrome and HF. This may
indicate that the hypertension component of metabolic
syndrome is important in the relationship between metabolic
syndrome and HF, especially in people who experience a
myocardial infarction. In people without myocardial infarction
during follow up, other parts of metabolic syndrome
seem to be more important—for example, those reflecting
insulin resistance.
There is substantial evidence of an association between
metabolic syndrome and inflammation,8 23 and inflammation
has been shown to predict HF, both in this cohort38 and by
others.39 To investigate whether the effect of metabolic
syndrome was mediated partly by inflammation, we performed
secondary analyses with ESR added to the statistical
models. The results were very similar with and without
inclusion of ESR, indicating that inflammation may not be an
important confounder or mediator of the association between
metabolic syndrome and HF.
Another possible explanation of how metabolic syndrome
may predict HF independently of the established risk factors
is that the cut-off level for blood pressure is lower in the
NCEP definition of metabolic syndrome than in the current
definition of hypertension.20 Blood pressures in the high
normal range (systolic 130–139 mm Hg or diastolic 85–
89 mm Hg) are captured by the NCEP definition. High blood
pressure is the most important risk factor for HF on a
population level,3 and a blood pressure in the high normal
range has previously been shown to increase the risk of
subsequent cardiovascular events.37 To evaluate this possible
explanation of the association between metabolic syndrome
and HF, we performed secondary analyses adjusted for
hypertension defined with the same cut-off levels as in the
NCEP definition of metabolic syndrome. In these analyses,
metabolic syndrome was a borderline significant predictor of
HF, and the hazard ratio was a little lower (1.61, as compared
with 1.66 in the primary model). This indicates that the blood
pressure level explains some, but not all, of the risk for HF
contained in metabolic syndrome. When we adjusted for
interim myocardial infarction during the follow up, metabolic
syndrome was a significant predictor of HF after adjustment
of all established risk factors, including hypertension
according to the alternative definition. The hazard ratio for
metabolic syndrome was higher in the models adjusted for
myocardial infarction during follow up, implying that
myocardial infarction was a negative confounder for the
association between metabolic syndrome and HF. This may
indicate that the hypertension component of metabolic
syndrome is important in the relationship between metabolic
syndrome and HF, especially in people who experience a
myocardial infarction. In people without myocardial infarction
during follow up, other parts of metabolic syndrome
seem to be more important—for example, those reflecting
insulin resistance.
There is substantial evidence of an association between
metabolic syndrome and inflammation,8 23 and inflammation
has been shown to predict HF, both in this cohort38 and by
others.39 To investigate whether the effect of metabolic
syndrome was mediated partly by inflammation, we performed
secondary analyses with ESR added to the statistical
models. The results were very similar with and without
inclusion of ESR, indicating that inflammation may not be an
important confounder or mediator of the association between
metabolic syndrome and HF.
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