Various retraining and vocational programmers are included in this process.On the one hand,those workers being retained need new skills for more specialised and/or multitasking operations that they will be required to perform after technological update of port operations.On the other hand,those workers now redundant will need to retrain so that they can be absorbed into different sectors of the economy (World bank,2001a:17-22).Social funds and poverty alleviation programmes are now commonplace as a mechanism to ease the dislocations and structural umemployment resulting from adjustment(Graham 1994) and World bank port restructuring finance sometimes includes these.kinds of measures.