Without land of their own to cultivate, most rural landless households depend on intermittent wage labor, frequently on neighboring farms. Given low prevailing daily wage rates in rural areas, poverty and landlessness are strongly correlated. Poor households hold significantly smaller landholdings than nonpoor (IHLCA 2011, Table 18). Likewise, rates of landless are much higher among the poor than the nonpoor. Among the poorest decile of households, 38% are landless. This contrasts with landless rates of only 7% among the richest decile of households (IHLCA 2011, Table 21). As a result of lower incomes and higher poverty rates, landless households are more likely than large landholders to go hungry and to borrow for food purchases (LIFT 2012, Tables 43 and 107). Given a highly skewed distribution of productive assets and income, rates of poverty and hunger remain stubbornly high.
Underinvestment in agricultural research. Improved varieties, crop and post-harvest
management practices have driven agricultural productivity growth across most of Asia. Yet over the past five decades, underinvestment in public research has limited these gains in Myanmar, where agricultural research expenditures have lagged far behind those of its regional and international peers. On average, Myanmar spends only $0.06 of every $100 in agricultural output on agricultural research compared to $0.41 by its Asian neighbors (Table 3). As a
consequence of these acute funding constraints, MOAI currently conducts no breeding research
Without land of their own to cultivate, most rural landless households depend on intermittent wage labor, frequently on neighboring farms. Given low prevailing daily wage rates in rural areas, poverty and landlessness are strongly correlated. Poor households hold significantly smaller landholdings than nonpoor (IHLCA 2011, Table 18). Likewise, rates of landless are much higher among the poor than the nonpoor. Among the poorest decile of households, 38% are landless. This contrasts with landless rates of only 7% among the richest decile of households (IHLCA 2011, Table 21). As a result of lower incomes and higher poverty rates, landless households are more likely than large landholders to go hungry and to borrow for food purchases (LIFT 2012, Tables 43 and 107). Given a highly skewed distribution of productive assets and income, rates of poverty and hunger remain stubbornly high.Underinvestment in agricultural research. Improved varieties, crop and post-harvestmanagement practices have driven agricultural productivity growth across most of Asia. Yet over the past five decades, underinvestment in public research has limited these gains in Myanmar, where agricultural research expenditures have lagged far behind those of its regional and international peers. On average, Myanmar spends only $0.06 of every $100 in agricultural output on agricultural research compared to $0.41 by its Asian neighbors (Table 3). As aconsequence of these acute funding constraints, MOAI currently conducts no breeding research
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..