For the assessment of KAP, the questionnaire used
were implemented concurrently with BSS. However, the
questionnaire used in this study were developed based on
consideration of the key messages delivered during
intervention as well as capacity of the participants.
The KAP questionnaire in this study measure KAP
continuously which was similar to multiple-choiceanswer
question or binary-choice answers rather than the
use of Likert scale as the participants had difficulty
understanding the use of psychometric scales.
Following the use of action checklist which
comprehensively covers various aspects of ergonomics,
there were no clear method to evaluate types of changes
post-intervention. As such, qualitative methods were
used in this study. Specifically, interviews were
conducted with participants while observation in terms
of picture were taken as evidence (if present/possible) to
show past and present changes.
2.7. Statistical Analysis
All the data entry and analysis was performed using
SPSS version 18. Due to small sample size, most of the
variables were not normally distributed hence does not
permit the use of parametric tests. Mann Whitney U test
were used for comparing variables of socio-demographic
background, occupational information, MSD and KAP
between both IG and CG.
Subsequently, comparison of the categorical outcome
of MSD within group were performed using Cochran’s Q
test. On the other hand, continuous KAP score were
analyzed using Friedman test. Both the analyses were
followed by post-hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction
in order to determine which of the pair among Pre-Int,
Post-1-Int or Post-2-Int were significantly different of
the other (Pett, 1997; Pallant, 2010).
3. RESULTS
Table 1 shows the socio-demographic background
and occupational information of the participants. All
the participants were male foreign labor from
Indonesia working as harvesters in OPP. The
harvesting activity was carried out manually where the
FFB were at or below waist height.
There were no statistical significant differences of
characteristics between the IG and CG. In addition,
based on the feedback from the management of both
OPP, there were no health or any intervention
program which were introduced prior to, during and
after this intervention program.
3.1. Implementation of Intervention Program
(Qualitative Observation)
Based on the qualitative observation of the IG, the
contents and activities of the intervention program were
comprehensible to the participants. Specifically, during a
spontaneous question and answer session immediately
after the screening of the video, participants actively
responded with various correct answers (Fig. 3a).
Besides that, participants were also able to identify and
explain a wide variety of current good practices which
were practiced. Likewise, most participants were also able
to arrive at the same conclusion and explanation in the
photo voting session’s activity (Fig. 3b).
At the end of the intervention program, the
participants in the IG agreed and proposed 10 items out
of the 34 items in the action checklist. However, there
were no visually observable workplace improvements at
the end of the post-intervention follow-up corresponding
to the results of agreed action checklist improvement.
Based on feedback from several interviews conducted
with the participants in the IG, it appear that the
participants encounter various difficulties, obstacles and
hindrances in carrying out the 10 items which were
proposed and agreed through thorough facilitated
discussion by the participants during the intervention
program which will be further detailed in discussion.
Nevertheless, we believe that PAOT were a valuable
intervention tool once the limitations and issues detailed in
this study were being overcome. During Post-1-Int followup
at the participants’ hostel, we noticed four occasions of
improvement from Pre-Int which applies the simple, low
cost and practical improvement in improving their safety
and livelihood according to the concept which was
promoted during the intervention program. These
improvement were as summarized in Fig. 4.
3.2. Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders
From the results of comparison between IG and CG
in Table 2, there were significant difference of neck and
feet disorders in the past 12 months. In this case, IG
reported higher prevalence of neck disorder while CG
reported higher prevalence of feet prevalence of feet
disorder in the past 2 months.
Similarly, significant difference was also observed
for elbow disorder in the past 7 days during Pre-Int with
IG reported higher prevalence of elbow disorder than
CG. No significant difference of disorders were observed
for other body parts during Pre-Int, all body parts in
Post-1-Int and Post-2-Int.