Conclusions: The findings suggest the potential beneficial effects of C. comosa on preventing the in-
creased ceramide levels in OVX rats, a possible cause of metabolic disturbance under estrogen
deficiency. Overall, the results demonstrated the power of untargeted lipidomics in discovering
disease-relevant biomarkers, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of treatment by C. comosa
components (DPHD, extract or powder) as utilized in Thai traditional medicine, and also providing
scientific support for its folklore use.