The inclusion criteria were as follows:
1. Study population consisting of children of ages 0 to 18 years in whom functional constipation was diagnosed, treated, or its course followed. The key words used to describe constipation were ‘‘constipation,’’ ‘‘obstipation,’’ ‘‘faecal/fecal incontinence,’’ ‘‘coprostasis,’’ ‘‘encopresis,’’ and ‘‘soiling.’’ Excluded were the studies concerning children with organic causes of constipation and children with exclusively functional nonretentive fecal incontinence.
2. A clear definition of functional constipation had to be provided by the authors.
3. To evaluate the value of tests in diagnosing functional constipation (question 3), we included systematic reviews and original studies related to the diagnostic accuracy of the specific tests. The reference standard for functional constipation had to be defined by the authors in terms of findings at history and physical examination.
4. In studies evaluating the effects of treatments or interventions (questions 6, 7, and 8), the following inclusion criterion was used: systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and/or RCTs containing at least 10 individuals per arm.
5. In studies evaluating the outcome of functional constipation (questions 4, 5, and 9), the following inclusion criteria were used: systematic reviews of prospective or retrospective controlled studies and original studies with a follow-up of at least 8 weeks
The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1. Study population consisting of children of ages 0 to 18 years in whom functional constipation was diagnosed, treated, or its course followed. The key words used to describe constipation were ‘‘constipation,’’ ‘‘obstipation,’’ ‘‘faecal/fecal incontinence,’’ ‘‘coprostasis,’’ ‘‘encopresis,’’ and ‘‘soiling.’’ Excluded were the studies concerning children with organic causes of constipation and children with exclusively functional nonretentive fecal incontinence. 2. A clear definition of functional constipation had to be provided by the authors. 3. To evaluate the value of tests in diagnosing functional constipation (question 3), we included systematic reviews and original studies related to the diagnostic accuracy of the specific tests. The reference standard for functional constipation had to be defined by the authors in terms of findings at history and physical examination. 4. In studies evaluating the effects of treatments or interventions (questions 6, 7, and 8), the following inclusion criterion was used: systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and/or RCTs containing at least 10 individuals per arm.5. In studies evaluating the outcome of functional constipation (questions 4, 5, and 9), the following inclusion criteria were used: systematic reviews of prospective or retrospective controlled studies and original studies with a follow-up of at least 8 weeks
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