At ambient temperature, water of neutral pH containing and with no dissolved oxygen is not regarded as a significantly corrosive to the iron or steel material [1] and [2]. However, when oxygen is trapped within the water system, it becomes available and reacts with the metal surface. As a result of this reaction between the dissolved oxygen and the metal surface, the metal dissolve into the water and leaves a void in the metal surface or the metal immediately forms a corrosion product which in the case of iron and steel is commonly known as rust [2].
Mostly, the chemical reactions (anodic and cathodic) that are occurred in the near neutral pH water system are as follows:
Anodic reactions: Fe → Fe+2 + 2e− (metal dissolution reaction) [3]
Cathodic reaction: 2H2O + O2 + 4e− → 4OH− (dissolved oxygen reduction)
The overall reaction of the above tow reactions will be:
Fe + ½O2 + H2O → Fe(OH)2
Excess of dissolved oxygen in the water causes the hydroxide(s) to oxidize further to produce final corrosion product, iron oxide [4] and [5].
In the present case, dissolved oxygen in the system accelerated the pitting corrosion of the top portion of the pipe. This was evidenced by the rusty appearance of most of the inner surface of the pipe and presence of pits/tubercles, classic oxygen corrosion features, along the lengths of upper inner portion of the pipe.
Hence, due to gravity effect, the corrosion product produced by the oxygen attack fell down to the bottom surface of the pipe. Analyses of the deposits collected from the inner surface of the pipe showed high amount of oxygen and Iron as iron oxides (corrosion product). Furthermore, high amount of calcium (≈20.94 wt.%) that was detected suggesting that the deposit covered the bottom surface of the pipe was mainly corrosion product as iron oxide and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Deposits can cause restricting water flow problems (water stagnancy) but corrosion, especially under deposit corrosion can lead to some significant damage of tubes. This type of corrosion occurs at sites where deposits allow a localized concentration of a specific chemical such as chloride or oxygen.
In the present case, deposition of corrosion product and other scale forming species at the bottom surface is an evidence of stagnancy in this area of the piping system due to lack of circulation of water through the pipe which led to a ring of orange and brown precipitated rust usually surrounds each pit [6]. Presence of any deposit forming particles in the piping system can cause and/or accelerate corrosion by forming oxygen depleted area under deposit, which can achieve anodic character compared to the adjacent area [2]. Consequently, corrosive attack under the deposit will become more aggressive and pitting attack of the pipe wall will occur.
At ambient temperature, water of neutral pH containing and with no dissolved oxygen is not regarded as a significantly corrosive to the iron or steel material [1] and [2]. However, when oxygen is trapped within the water system, it becomes available and reacts with the metal surface. As a result of this reaction between the dissolved oxygen and the metal surface, the metal dissolve into the water and leaves a void in the metal surface or the metal immediately forms a corrosion product which in the case of iron and steel is commonly known as rust [2].Mostly, the chemical reactions (anodic and cathodic) that are occurred in the near neutral pH water system are as follows:Anodic reactions: Fe → Fe+2 + 2e− (metal dissolution reaction) [3]Cathodic reaction: 2H2O + O2 + 4e− → 4OH− (dissolved oxygen reduction)The overall reaction of the above tow reactions will be:Fe + ½O2 + H2O → Fe(OH)2Excess of dissolved oxygen in the water causes the hydroxide(s) to oxidize further to produce final corrosion product, iron oxide [4] and [5].In the present case, dissolved oxygen in the system accelerated the pitting corrosion of the top portion of the pipe. This was evidenced by the rusty appearance of most of the inner surface of the pipe and presence of pits/tubercles, classic oxygen corrosion features, along the lengths of upper inner portion of the pipe.Hence, due to gravity effect, the corrosion product produced by the oxygen attack fell down to the bottom surface of the pipe. Analyses of the deposits collected from the inner surface of the pipe showed high amount of oxygen and Iron as iron oxides (corrosion product). Furthermore, high amount of calcium (≈20.94 wt.%) that was detected suggesting that the deposit covered the bottom surface of the pipe was mainly corrosion product as iron oxide and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Deposits can cause restricting water flow problems (water stagnancy) but corrosion, especially under deposit corrosion can lead to some significant damage of tubes. This type of corrosion occurs at sites where deposits allow a localized concentration of a specific chemical such as chloride or oxygen.In the present case, deposition of corrosion product and other scale forming species at the bottom surface is an evidence of stagnancy in this area of the piping system due to lack of circulation of water through the pipe which led to a ring of orange and brown precipitated rust usually surrounds each pit [6]. Presence of any deposit forming particles in the piping system can cause and/or accelerate corrosion by forming oxygen depleted area under deposit, which can achieve anodic character compared to the adjacent area [2]. Consequently, corrosive attack under the deposit will become more aggressive and pitting attack of the pipe wall will occur.
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