We found that both the prevalence of COPD and risk
factors in Peru varied significantly across settings. Daily
biomass fuel smoke exposure, particularly in rural sites,
was an important cause for this heterogeneity, as compared
to differences in tobacco smoking. At the same time,
a history of respiratory disease including post-treatment
pulmonary tuberculosis and asthma were important factors
in urban centers. Overall, we have highlighted unique
aspects of COPD across geographic settings in Peru, to
better understand these determinants, guide future studies,
and implement interventions to reduce the burden of
COPD.