EOQ again increases in line with the cost of placing an order, and reduces in line with the inventory carrying cost. Again the trade-off can be changed. If the cost of placing an order can be simplified to a routine basis whereby parts are ordered by paperless systems such as cards, and collected on regular pickup routes called ‘milk rounds’, the EOQ can again be reduced towards the JIT ideal. EOQ principles are still widely used for ordering ‘independent demand’ items that are not directly used to manufacture products, such as automotive spare parts, class ‘C’ parts in retail and office supplies.