To avoid microstructure issues in measuring stock returns, for the Asian markets, we exclude firms with
stock price less than the maximum of 100 times minimum tick size and 1 unit of local currency at the end of
June of the portfolio formation year.4 We restrict the sample to industrial firms. In addition, the PACAP data
for China include multiple share classes issued by the same firm, i.e., A, B, and H shares. We only include the
A shares, which have the largest market capitalization.