(net of evaporation of the oil) and 10 calculated as a percentage loss of canola oil.
The above process was done twice for each different type of oil used (i.e., two test runs done for each different type of oil being tested), with each process starting with a 250 gram sample of densified pellets.
Results
15 The data from this example are shown in Table 17 and Figure 17 for the plant-derived
oils, and in Table 18 and Figure 18 for the petroleum-based oils. These results indicated that กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน of the ชีวมวลอัด in the plant-derived oils generally tended to result in less oil absorption by the resulting ชีวมวล อัดทีที, when compared to กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน of the ชีวมวลอัด in the petroleum-based oils.
20 Amongst the plant-derived oils, กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน of SPF pellets in sunflower oil at 270°C
for 30 นาที resulted in the least amount of oil being absorbed by the ชีวมวลอัด (on average about 11.38% oil absorption). Canola oil resulted in the most oil absorption by the ชีวมวล อัดทีที after กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน in canola oil at 270°C for 30 นาที (on average about 12.12% oil absorption).
25 Amongst the petroleum-based oils, paraffin wax followed by 5W30 motor oil resulted
in the least amount of oil absorption by the ชีวมวล อัดทีที (on average about
16.48% and 17.10% oil absorption, respectively). Gear oil (80W90) resulted in the most oil absorption by the ชีวมวล อัดทีที after กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน in the gear oil at 270°C for 30 นาที (on average about 24.32% oil absorption).
The data in Tables 17 and 18 also indicated that กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน in plant-derived oils resulted in a generally lower average net loss in weight of the biomass as compared to กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน in petroleum-based oils. Amongst the plant-derived oils, กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน in peanut
oil resulted in the lowest average net loss in weight (i.e., a net loss in weight of about 7.70 g)
5
10
15
and กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน in sunflower oil resulted in the highest average net loss in weight (i.e., a net loss in weight of about 10.85 g). Amongst the petroleum-based oils, กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน in bar and chain oil and hydraulic fluid (AW32) resulted in the lowest average net losses in weight (i.e., net losses in weight of about 10.70 g and 10.60 g, respectively) and กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน in automatic transmission fluid (ATF) resulted in the highest average net loss in weight (i.e., a net loss in weight of about 17.23 g).
As shown in Tables 17 and 18, when hog fuel was used as the starting ชีวมวลอัด, significantly greater oil absorption occurred by the hog fuel biomass in plant-
derived oils (canola oil) and petroleum-based oils (paraffin wax) and a significantly greater average net loss in weight occurred when the hog fuel biomass was torrefied in plant-derived oils (canola oil) and petroleum-based oils (paraffin wax).
Table 17: Oil Absorption and Net Loss of Mass for Different Plant-derived Oils
Sample Combustible Densified Oil Net Loss Average Oil Average Net
Liquid Biomass Absorption in Weight Absorption Loss in
(%) (g) (%) Weight (g)
1 Sunflower oil SPF pellets 10.81 12.25
11.38 1 10.85
2 Sunflower oil I SPF pellets I 11.96 I 9.45 I I
1 Corn oil 1 SPF pellets 1 11.25 9.15
11.88 9.33
2 Coni oil SPF pellets 12.52 9.50
1 Peanut oil ! SPF pellets I 12.02 1 7.35
11.76 7.70
2 Peanut oil SPF pellets 11.50 8.05
1 Canola oil SPF pellets 10.93 12.05
12.12 • 10.58
2 Canola oil SPF pellets 13.30 9.10
1 Canola oil Hog fuel 213.40 74.00
2 Canola oil Hog fuel 265.13 102.45 239.27 88.23
61
Table 18: Oil Absorption and Net Loss of Mass for Different Petroleum-Based Oils
I
Sample I Combustible
Liquid
1 Bar and Chain oil
2 _ Bar and Chain oil
1 5W30 motor oil
2 _ 5W30 motor oil
I Densified 1 Oil
I Biomass I Absorption I
I I (%) 1
SPF pellets 19.71
_ SPF pellets 21.07
SPF pellets 19.18
_ SPF pellets 15.02
Net Loss in I Average Oil Average Net
Weight I Absorption Loss in
(g) ' (%) Weight (g)
11.00
20.39 10.70
10.40
14.25
17.10 13.25
12.25
1
2
1
Automatic
transmission fluid Automatic
transmission fluid
Hydraulic fluid
(AW32)
1 Hydraulic fluid
SPFpellets 22.70 18.20
20.90 17.23
i
1 SPF pellets 19.10 16.25
1
SPF pellets 25.72 9.05
1 19.99 10.60
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
(AW32)
Gear oil (80W90)
Gear oil (80W90)
1 Paraffin wax
Paraffm wax
1 Paraffin wax
IParaffin wax
SPF pellets 1 14.26
SPF pellets 34.09
SPF pellets 14.55
1 SPF pellets s 15.35
SPF pellets 17.61
1 Hog fuel I 230.89
I Hog fuel 231.10
12.15
13.70
24.32 12.93
14.75
14.50
16.48 14.48
14.45
73.15
231.00 65.80
58.45 1
Example 12:
Materials and Methods
In this example, 2 kilograms of densified softwood pellets made from a blend of 5 spruce, pine and fir (SPF wood pellets) were tested.