Other studies using cross-sectional and longitudinal designs
suggest the reciprocal relationship, i.e., smoking influences physical ac-
tivity behavior [4–6]. As a result, a bidirectional relationship between
physical activity and smoking is suggested, which is plausible as physi-
cal activity may reduce nicotine cravings [7], favoring quit attempts [8]
and success in smoking cessation [9,10]. Conversely, smoking may
displace time spent being active and often converges with other health
risk behaviors (e.g., alcoholism) that are associated with physical
inactivity [11].