The audio (monosyllabic and aviation phrases) and listening (noise cancelling and non-noise cancelling) conditions were presented in a counterbalanced order, as per a Latin squares experimental design. During each listening task (except the quiet baseline condition) continuous aircraft noise was produced from the sound source. This was produced from the digital audio file recorded in the Cessna 172 during flight (recorded using NGARA sound acquisition system), as referred to above. The level at ear of the subject was adjusted to be comparable with the level measured during the flight. In cockpit noise for a Cessna 172 was chosen because this type of aircraft is widely used as a training aircraft in general aviation within Australia. In fact, a search of the Civil