The status of this area vis-a vis applied linguistics is completely uncontroversial : language teaching and learning have always been universally recognized as central to the concerns of applied linguistics. Indeed, for many people, applied linguistics is the academic study of second language and teaching, and it is perhaps for this reason that the question ' what is the difference between applied linguistics and TEFL? So frequently arises. When applied linguistics first emerged as a subject area in the second half of the twentieth century, it focused mainly on questions surrounding the learning and teaching of foreign languages, and was aimed squarely at experienced language teachers who wished to do a master's degree for reasons of professional development. Taught programmed in applied linguistics provided courses in curriculum, syllabus and materials design, language teaching methodology and classroom management. Specific attention was usually given to the teaching of the four 'macro' skill areas of speaking, listening, reading, and writing, together with courses on pronunciation, language testing, teacher education and (as the field expanded) on language school and project management.
Of course, decisions about what to teach and how to teach it need to be grounded in a strong understanding of what language is and how learners learn it, and it is for this reason that applied linguistics programmed have also always included topic that seem to be indistinguishable from those that you might expect to find on a course of studies in 'mainstream' linguistics. It is very likely, for example, that your programme of studies will include coverage of some (or perhaps even all) of the following subjects: phonology (the study of linguistic second systems) , morphology ( the study of word components) , grammar (the study of the rules that govern word combinations and inflections) , Lexus (the study of how the entire word stock of a language is organised) , semantics ( the study of meaning in language), pragmatics ( the study of meaning in context), psycholinguistics ( the study of how language is acquired, stored and processed by the mind) , sociolinguistics ( the study of how language shapes and is shaped by society) and discourse analysis ( the study of texts and text-making processes). What distinguishes these topic from their equivalents on theoretical linguistics programmed is that they will always be taught with one eye firmly fixed on their practical relevance and applicability.
While the traditional roster of topics listed above continues to be regarded as part of the core content of applied linguistics, the subject has expanded to incorporate a much wider range of concerns in recent years, and it is this expanded range of topics that forms the second horizon of applied linguistic inquiry that we well identify here. This 'new horizon' in applied linguistics spans several distinct content areas. The first of these is mainstream education. By 'mainstream' we mean educational contexts which are primarily funded and influenced by the state, rather than the English language teaching(ELT) context, which is rooted in the practices and concerns of teachers working in private language schools or for culturals exchange organisations such as the British Council or the Pesce Corps. This research area includes topics such as migrant education, bilingualism and multilingualism and their relation to schooling, and first language literacy education.
As well as encompassing a broader perspective on language and education in formal contexts, applied linguist's have also become increasingly interested in a wide range of issues that might loosely be described together as the politics of language. At a micro level, this interest manifests itself in research that aims to diagnose and ameliorate communication problems arising in a wide range of professional and workplace contexts. Researchers in the now burgeoning subfields of workplace communication and intercultural communication are interested in finding out whether the causes of conflict situations of various kinds can be traced to differences in the preferred communication styles of people from different social and cultural groups. If so, this opens up the possibility of improving relations between individuals and groups by providing them with explicit training or education about such, applied linguists have become increasingly involved in the analysis of national and international language planning and language policy issues, in debates around language maintenance and language loss, and in promoting the concept of linguistic human rights.
Issues of justice and equity also inform two other important developments in applied linguistics, forensic linguistics and critical discourse analysis. The former focuses on applications of linguistic knowledge to the legal process. and the latter aims to identity and critique ways in which linguistic choices and language practices are used to mainipulate public opinion , to promote the interests of powerful groups in society, and to oppress, disadvantage and discriminate against others.
We will discuss these various topics in more detail in Chapter2. Here, the important point to note is that this massive expansion of the applied linguistics curriculum has led to a somewhat confused situation, in which some people still understand applied linguistics in the narrow way discussed earlier while others see it in the broader terms that we have just reviewed above. Similarly, there are MA programmed in applied linguistics that focus exclusively on ELT, whereas at other universities you can do an apied linguistics degree without focusing on ELT at all. It is no doubt in recognition of these divisions and contradictions that the Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics cited earlier in this chapter defines applied linguistics in two difference ways, as follows;
1 the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching.
2 the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems.
Although this double definition is arguably somewhat redundant when viewed from a purely contemporary ( the first definition is clearly encompassed by the second one), it remains relevant for the time being because of what it tells us about the history and development of applied linguistics as an academic subject. Applied linguistics has not yet fully emerged from the period of transition indicated by this double definition, and it must be admitted that there are spplied linguists who do not agree with broader view, and who argue that it would be better to scale the boundaries of the field back to their original exclusive focus on ELT. However, it is safe to say that the broader view of the field sketched out above is becoming increasingly widely accepted nowadays, and it would not be at all surprising if in a future edition of the Longman dictionary the narrower of the two definitions quoted above were to be quietly dropped.
Before moving on, we need to mention one further horizon in applied linguistics. This furthest horizon consists of subjects that are sometimes listed by textbooks and other reference sources as subdisciplines within applied linguistics, and which certainly address 'real-world problems in which language is a central issue' but which are not usually regarded as subfields of applied linguistics by practitioners in thes fields themselves. Some of these fields, such as translation studies, lexicography (the study and practice of dictionary compilation) and stylistics (the study of how linguistic style varies across literary texts and other text types), have what might be called a semi-autonomous relationship with applied linguistics. While researchers in these fields retry if ever think of themselves as applied linguists, option courses in these fields are sometimes offered on applied linguistics MA programmes, and papers on topics in these subject areas sometimes appear in applied linguistics journals. Others, such as computational linguistics, clinical linguistics and speech therapy , are almost entirely separate and distinct in practice, and are almost always offered by universities as complete courses of study in their own right.
The status of this area vis-a vis applied linguistics is completely uncontroversial : language teaching and learning have always been universally recognized as central to the concerns of applied linguistics. Indeed, for many people, applied linguistics is the academic study of second language and teaching, and it is perhaps for this reason that the question ' what is the difference between applied linguistics and TEFL? So frequently arises. When applied linguistics first emerged as a subject area in the second half of the twentieth century, it focused mainly on questions surrounding the learning and teaching of foreign languages, and was aimed squarely at experienced language teachers who wished to do a master's degree for reasons of professional development. Taught programmed in applied linguistics provided courses in curriculum, syllabus and materials design, language teaching methodology and classroom management. Specific attention was usually given to the teaching of the four 'macro' skill areas of speaking, listening, reading, and writing, together with courses on pronunciation, language testing, teacher education and (as the field expanded) on language school and project management.Of course, decisions about what to teach and how to teach it need to be grounded in a strong understanding of what language is and how learners learn it, and it is for this reason that applied linguistics programmed have also always included topic that seem to be indistinguishable from those that you might expect to find on a course of studies in 'mainstream' linguistics. It is very likely, for example, that your programme of studies will include coverage of some (or perhaps even all) of the following subjects: phonology (the study of linguistic second systems) , morphology ( the study of word components) , grammar (the study of the rules that govern word combinations and inflections) , Lexus (the study of how the entire word stock of a language is organised) , semantics ( the study of meaning in language), pragmatics ( the study of meaning in context), psycholinguistics ( the study of how language is acquired, stored and processed by the mind) , sociolinguistics ( the study of how language shapes and is shaped by society) and discourse analysis ( the study of texts and text-making processes). What distinguishes these topic from their equivalents on theoretical linguistics programmed is that they will always be taught with one eye firmly fixed on their practical relevance and applicability.While the traditional roster of topics listed above continues to be regarded as part of the core content of applied linguistics, the subject has expanded to incorporate a much wider range of concerns in recent years, and it is this expanded range of topics that forms the second horizon of applied linguistic inquiry that we well identify here. This 'new horizon' in applied linguistics spans several distinct content areas. The first of these is mainstream education. By 'mainstream' we mean educational contexts which are primarily funded and influenced by the state, rather than the English language teaching(ELT) context, which is rooted in the practices and concerns of teachers working in private language schools or for culturals exchange organisations such as the British Council or the Pesce Corps. This research area includes topics such as migrant education, bilingualism and multilingualism and their relation to schooling, and first language literacy education.As well as encompassing a broader perspective on language and education in formal contexts, applied linguist's have also become increasingly interested in a wide range of issues that might loosely be described together as the politics of language. At a micro level, this interest manifests itself in research that aims to diagnose and ameliorate communication problems arising in a wide range of professional and workplace contexts. Researchers in the now burgeoning subfields of workplace communication and intercultural communication are interested in finding out whether the causes of conflict situations of various kinds can be traced to differences in the preferred communication styles of people from different social and cultural groups. If so, this opens up the possibility of improving relations between individuals and groups by providing them with explicit training or education about such, applied linguists have become increasingly involved in the analysis of national and international language planning and language policy issues, in debates around language maintenance and language loss, and in promoting the concept of linguistic human rights.Issues of justice and equity also inform two other important developments in applied linguistics, forensic linguistics and critical discourse analysis. The former focuses on applications of linguistic knowledge to the legal process. and the latter aims to identity and critique ways in which linguistic choices and language practices are used to mainipulate public opinion , to promote the interests of powerful groups in society, and to oppress, disadvantage and discriminate against others.We will discuss these various topics in more detail in Chapter2. Here, the important point to note is that this massive expansion of the applied linguistics curriculum has led to a somewhat confused situation, in which some people still understand applied linguistics in the narrow way discussed earlier while others see it in the broader terms that we have just reviewed above. Similarly, there are MA programmed in applied linguistics that focus exclusively on ELT, whereas at other universities you can do an apied linguistics degree without focusing on ELT at all. It is no doubt in recognition of these divisions and contradictions that the Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics cited earlier in this chapter defines applied linguistics in two difference ways, as follows;1 the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching.2 the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems.
Although this double definition is arguably somewhat redundant when viewed from a purely contemporary ( the first definition is clearly encompassed by the second one), it remains relevant for the time being because of what it tells us about the history and development of applied linguistics as an academic subject. Applied linguistics has not yet fully emerged from the period of transition indicated by this double definition, and it must be admitted that there are spplied linguists who do not agree with broader view, and who argue that it would be better to scale the boundaries of the field back to their original exclusive focus on ELT. However, it is safe to say that the broader view of the field sketched out above is becoming increasingly widely accepted nowadays, and it would not be at all surprising if in a future edition of the Longman dictionary the narrower of the two definitions quoted above were to be quietly dropped.
Before moving on, we need to mention one further horizon in applied linguistics. This furthest horizon consists of subjects that are sometimes listed by textbooks and other reference sources as subdisciplines within applied linguistics, and which certainly address 'real-world problems in which language is a central issue' but which are not usually regarded as subfields of applied linguistics by practitioners in thes fields themselves. Some of these fields, such as translation studies, lexicography (the study and practice of dictionary compilation) and stylistics (the study of how linguistic style varies across literary texts and other text types), have what might be called a semi-autonomous relationship with applied linguistics. While researchers in these fields retry if ever think of themselves as applied linguists, option courses in these fields are sometimes offered on applied linguistics MA programmes, and papers on topics in these subject areas sometimes appear in applied linguistics journals. Others, such as computational linguistics, clinical linguistics and speech therapy , are almost entirely separate and distinct in practice, and are almost always offered by universities as complete courses of study in their own right.
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