Bronfenbrenner’s (1995) process-person-context-time model, for example,
examined the effects of poverty on socioemotional development of children and their
behavior and performance in school. He suggested that within the microsystem of the
home, the mesosystems of school peer groups, and the macrosystem of the child’s every world event was important and influenced the child’s functioning. In an earlier study (Bronfenbrenner, 1986) examining student achievement and social behavior, the research showed that the American public school was a place full of chaos and anomie. He suggested that the school was best suited to rebuild links and ties of belongings because it is the one place where children gathered every day. Waxman and Huang (1996) seconded the notion that it is possible for schools to mitigate negative exogenous factors. Based on their study of resilient and non-resilient inner-city students, they stated that schools have the opportunity to become “islands of tranquility” in the lives of these students, where they could succeed regardless of exogenous factors.