Two randomized trials have demonstrated improvements incognitive function following a single
dose of chocolate or cocoaflavanols (Scholey et al., 2010; Field, Williams, & Butler, 2011).Benefits to
information processing speed and working memorywere observed in these studies within hours of
consuming cocoaflavanols or dark chocolate. Less research has examined the effectsfrom the longer-term
consumption of chocolate or cocoa. Onerecent randomized controlled trial, the Cocoa, Cognition, and
Aging(CoCoA) Study, has provided evidence that daily consumption ofcocoa flavanols can improve
cognitive function in healthy, elderlyindividuals (Mastroiacovo et al., 2015). Consistent with the