Nowadays, the Stille coupling has a broader scope owing to recent progress in the
area of palladium catalysis. For example, the reaction can be extended to include aryl
chlorides (Scheme 14).31 In this reaction, the catalyst system relies upon the presence of
both t-Bu3P, which is believed to enhance the reactivity of the palladium catalyst, and
CsF, which is thought to enhance the reactivity of the organotin compounds. The
coupled products 1-57 were obtained in very high yields.