1. On the symbiosis with business, see Clyde Barrow’s Universities and the Capitalist
State (1990); on the early American college, see Russell Blaine Nye’s useful
précis; on the Scottish model, see Hugh Kearney, Scholars and Gentlemen: Universities
in Pre-Industrial Britain (1970); and on the transition of the American college
to university, see Roger L. Geiger, ed., The American College in the Nineteenth
Century (2000).