Knowledge of Instructional Strategies When I began teaching the primary/elementary methods course, I already had a repertoire of instructional strategies that worked well in my previous teaching. However, adjusting my instructional strategies to match my new role as science educator was a bumpy experience due to a number of interrelated, contextual factors. Firstly, as in my classroom teaching, I did not always use inquiry approaches as much as I would have liked to. This was evidenced both in my journaling and in my discussions with my critical friend, which revealed some contradictions between my existing teaching philosophy and my teaching practice in my new position. Early in the study, I began to realize that, even though I believed in the importance of inquiry learning in science, the in-class discussions of the JiTTactivitieswerenotasstudent-centredastheycouldhavebeen.Forexample,duringthe follow-up discussion after activity one, I used a PowerPoint presentation that summarized student postings but did not have the students themselves engage in any analysis of their postings or the postings of their peers. This was followed by a hands-on activity where students reproduced the scenario in activity one and tested their hypotheses. I then attempted to initiate and facilitate a whole class discussion of the results and the scientific concepts at work. However, only a small number of students participated in the discussion and I did most of the talking with only minimal input from the students. After observing the in-class follow-up to JiTT activity one, my critical friend pointed out the following:
I don’t think they had much time to talk about their own ideas within collaborative groups. It was more teacher oriented. You were doing most of the talking as opposed to a balance between you talking and them talking. (Karen, Post-activity-one interview)
We agreed that even though the students had completed the hands-on activity, the level of student inquiry was minimal. Later, while reflecting in my journal, I wrote:
I know that my teaching is too teacher-centred. I think this is a result of two main issues: my level of comfort with both the JiTT strategy and my new role as a science educator, and my students’ apprehension about discussing science content with me, a science-oriented person with a significant amount of subject matter knowledge. (Journal entry, 6 February 2009)
I was very familiar with teaching science content. However, as this study took place within the context of a science education methods course, most class time was focused on how to teach science using various inquiry strategies and subject matter knowledge was infused where applicable. Therefore, I initially took a much more teacher-oriented approach as I struggled to modify my methods to match the course content. In addition, this was my first experience using the JiTT strategy to inform my practice. Thus, not only was I adopting a new approach, but I was attempting to apply that approach to a new professional role. Given the situation, it would be expected that implementation would be challenging during the initial phases and that there would be some level of fine-tuning and re-working necessary.
86 P. Osmond and K. Goodnough
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In addition to my inexperience, my use of instructional strategies was initially challenged by my students’ level of comfort with the subject matter knowledge. This was discussed in the following excerpt from my first interview with my critical friend:
Pamela: I think that both groups are a bit tight lipped. I’m trying to get them involved and trying to get them to converse back and forth ... these students already have a lot of background knowledge on teaching but it’s the science content that is intimidating to them and causing them not to want to speak out. Karen: Look at some of the cooperative learning activities or strategies or tactics, and start using those – four corners for example, think-pair-share, or graffiti. I mean there are so many different cooperative learning strategies. Whether they are willing to talk or not, I always, within the course of a semester, use at least 8 to 10 cooperative learning strategies. And then it’s modelling for them too.
For the second and third JiTT follow-up discussions, I had students use a think-pair-square (Kagan, 1994) to discuss two anonymous postings from their peers, each posting taking different slants on the subject matter being addressed in the JiTT. In this strategy, students think about a given scenario, then pair up with another classmate to discuss their ponderings and, lastly, join with a second dyad and further discuss as a group of four. As there were two classes participating in the project, postings from class A were discussed in Class B and vice versa. This seemed to work much better, as students were more comfortable sharing their viewpoints in smaller peer groups than they were in engaging in whole class discussion. I still found myself doing a lot of talking when we would discuss the scientific concepts represented in the activities but active student participation was much more evident when small group discussion had occurred first. This was also discussed in one of the student interviews:
We were thinking for ourselves. When we would get together and talk in groups, people would make certain points that you’d say, “I never thought of it from that perspective before.” So it would really change your thinking, to a degree. Sometimes it remained the same or confirmed what you thought before but other times you actually say, “I never thought about that particular aspect of the problem” so it was good and it really promoted and showed how important collaboration was because everyone has different experiences and different background knowledge. (Student J, Final interview)
ความรู้ด้านกลยุทธ์การจัดการเรียนการสอนเมื่อสอนหลักสูตรประถม/ระดับประถมศึกษาวิธีเริ่ม แล้วผมละครของกลยุทธ์การเรียนการสอนที่ทำงานดีในการสอนของฉันก่อนหน้านี้ อย่างไรก็ตาม การปรับกลยุทธ์ของฉันสอนให้ตรงกับบทบาทใหม่ของฉันเป็นวิทยาศาสตร์ประวัติผู้สอนและมีประสบการณ์หลุมเนื่องจากปัจจัยที่เกี่ยวข้อง บริบท ประการแรก ในห้องเรียนของฉันสอน ฉันไม่ได้เสมอใช้วิธีสอบถามเท่าที่ผมจะชอบไป นี้ได้เป็นหลักฐาน ในบันทึกของฉัน และ ในการสนทนาของฉันกับเพื่อนสำคัญของฉัน ซึ่งเปิดเผยบางกันข้ามระหว่างปรัชญาของฉันที่มีอยู่และการฝึกสอนของฉันในตำแหน่งใหม่ ในการศึกษา ช่วงที่ผมเริ่มตระหนักว่า แม้ว่าฉันเชื่อในความสำคัญของการสอบถามการเรียนรู้วิทยาศาสตร์ การสนทนาในชั้นเรียนของการสนทนา JiTTactivitieswerenotasstudent centredastheycouldhavebeen.Forexample,duringthe ติดตามผลหลังจากกิจกรรมหนึ่ง ใช้งานนำเสนอ PowerPoint ที่สรุปนักศึกษาลง แต่ไม่ได้ไม่มีนักเรียนเองมีส่วนร่วมในการวิเคราะห์ของการลงรายการบัญชีหรือลงรายการบัญชีของเพื่อนของพวกเขา นี้ถูกตาม ด้วยกิจกรรมภาคปฏิบัติที่นักเรียนทำซ้ำสถานการณ์ในกิจกรรมหนึ่ง และทดสอบสมมุติฐานของพวกเขา แล้วฉันพยายามที่จะเริ่มต้น และอำนวยความสะดวกในการสนทนาทั้งชั้นของผลลัพธ์ และแนวคิดของ scientific ที่ทำงาน อย่างไรก็ตาม เท่านั้นขนาดเล็กจำนวนนักเรียนที่เข้าร่วมในการอภิปราย และฉันได้พูดคุยกับอินพุตเพียงเล็กน้อยเท่านั้นจากนักเรียนส่วนใหญ่ หลังจากการสังเกตการติดตามผลในชั้นเรียนกิจกรรม JiTT หนึ่ง เพื่อนของฉันสำคัญชี้ให้เห็นต่อไปนี้:I don’t think they had much time to talk about their own ideas within collaborative groups. It was more teacher oriented. You were doing most of the talking as opposed to a balance between you talking and them talking. (Karen, Post-activity-one interview)We agreed that even though the students had completed the hands-on activity, the level of student inquiry was minimal. Later, while reflecting in my journal, I wrote:I know that my teaching is too teacher-centred. I think this is a result of two main issues: my level of comfort with both the JiTT strategy and my new role as a science educator, and my students’ apprehension about discussing science content with me, a science-oriented person with a significant amount of subject matter knowledge. (Journal entry, 6 February 2009)I was very familiar with teaching science content. However, as this study took place within the context of a science education methods course, most class time was focused on how to teach science using various inquiry strategies and subject matter knowledge was infused where applicable. Therefore, I initially took a much more teacher-oriented approach as I struggled to modify my methods to match the course content. In addition, this was my first experience using the JiTT strategy to inform my practice. Thus, not only was I adopting a new approach, but I was attempting to apply that approach to a new professional role. Given the situation, it would be expected that implementation would be challenging during the initial phases and that there would be some level of fine-tuning and re-working necessary.86 P. Osmond and K. GoodnoughDownloaded by [Chiang Mai University] at 00:11 04 December 2015 In addition to my inexperience, my use of instructional strategies was initially challenged by my students’ level of comfort with the subject matter knowledge. This was discussed in the following excerpt from my first interview with my critical friend:Pamela: I think that both groups are a bit tight lipped. I’m trying to get them involved and trying to get them to converse back and forth ... these students already have a lot of background knowledge on teaching but it’s the science content that is intimidating to them and causing them not to want to speak out. Karen: Look at some of the cooperative learning activities or strategies or tactics, and start using those – four corners for example, think-pair-share, or graffiti. I mean there are so many different cooperative learning strategies. Whether they are willing to talk or not, I always, within the course of a semester, use at least 8 to 10 cooperative learning strategies. And then it’s modelling for them too.For the second and third JiTT follow-up discussions, I had students use a think-pair-square (Kagan, 1994) to discuss two anonymous postings from their peers, each posting taking different slants on the subject matter being addressed in the JiTT. In this strategy, students think about a given scenario, then pair up with another classmate to discuss their ponderings and, lastly, join with a second dyad and further discuss as a group of four. As there were two classes participating in the project, postings from class A were discussed in Class B and vice versa. This seemed to work much better, as students were more comfortable sharing their viewpoints in smaller peer groups than they were in engaging in whole class discussion. I still found myself doing a lot of talking when we would discuss the scientific concepts represented in the activities but active student participation was much more evident when small group discussion had occurred first. This was also discussed in one of the student interviews:We were thinking for ourselves. When we would get together and talk in groups, people would make certain points that you’d say, “I never thought of it from that perspective before.” So it would really change your thinking, to a degree. Sometimes it remained the same or confirmed what you thought before but other times you actually say, “I never thought about that particular aspect of the problem” so it was good and it really promoted and showed how important collaboration was because everyone has different experiences and different background knowledge. (Student J, Final interview)
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