The study of inorganic chemistry involves interpreting, correlating, and predicting the properties and
structures of an enormous range of materials. Sulfuric acid is the chemical produced in the largest tonnage
of any compound. A greater number of tons of concrete is produced, but it is a mixture rather
than a single compound. Accordingly, sulfuric acid is an inorganic compound of enormous importance.
On the other hand, inorganic chemists study compounds such as hexaaminecobalt(III) chloride,
[Co(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 , and Zeise’s salt, K[Pt(C 2 H 4 )Cl 3 ]. Such compounds are known as coordination
compounds or coordination complexes. Inorganic chemistry also includes areas of study such as nonaqueous
solvents and acid-base chemistry. Organometallic compounds, structures and properties of
solids, and the chemistry of elements other than carbon are areas of inorganic chemistry. However,
even many compounds of carbon (e.g., CO 2 and Na 2 CO 3 ) are also inorganic compounds. The range
of materials studied in inorganic chemistry is enormous, and a great many of the compounds and
processes are of industrial importance. Moreover, inorganic chemistry is a body of knowledge that is
expanding at a very rapid rate, and a knowledge of the behavior of inorganic materials is fundamental
to the study of the other areas of chemistry.
Because inorganic chemistry is concerned with structures and properties as well as the synthesis of
materials, the study of inorganic chemistry requires familiarity with a certain amount of information
that is normally considered to be physical chemistry. As a result, physical chemistry is normally a prerequisite
for taking a comprehensive course in inorganic chemistry. There is, of course, a great deal of
overlap of some areas of inorganic chemistry with the related areas in other branches of chemistry. A
knowledge of atomic structure and properties of atoms is essential for describing both ionic and covalent
bonding. Because of the importance of atomic structure to several areas of inorganic chemistry,
it is appropriate to begin our study of inorganic chemistry with a brief review of atomic structure and
how our ideas about atoms were developed.
1.1 SOME EARLY EXPERIMENTS IN ATOMIC PHYSICS
It is appropriate at the beginning of a review of atomic structure to ask the question, “ How do we
know what we know? ” In other words, “ What crucial experiments have been performed and what do
The study of inorganic chemistry involves interpreting, correlating, and predicting the properties and
structures of an enormous range of materials. Sulfuric acid is the chemical produced in the largest tonnage
of any compound. A greater number of tons of concrete is produced, but it is a mixture rather
than a single compound. Accordingly, sulfuric acid is an inorganic compound of enormous importance.
On the other hand, inorganic chemists study compounds such as hexaaminecobalt(III) chloride,
[Co(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 , and Zeise’s salt, K[Pt(C 2 H 4 )Cl 3 ]. Such compounds are known as coordination
compounds or coordination complexes. Inorganic chemistry also includes areas of study such as nonaqueous
solvents and acid-base chemistry. Organometallic compounds, structures and properties of
solids, and the chemistry of elements other than carbon are areas of inorganic chemistry. However,
even many compounds of carbon (e.g., CO 2 and Na 2 CO 3 ) are also inorganic compounds. The range
of materials studied in inorganic chemistry is enormous, and a great many of the compounds and
processes are of industrial importance. Moreover, inorganic chemistry is a body of knowledge that is
expanding at a very rapid rate, and a knowledge of the behavior of inorganic materials is fundamental
to the study of the other areas of chemistry.
Because inorganic chemistry is concerned with structures and properties as well as the synthesis of
materials, the study of inorganic chemistry requires familiarity with a certain amount of information
that is normally considered to be physical chemistry. As a result, physical chemistry is normally a prerequisite
for taking a comprehensive course in inorganic chemistry. There is, of course, a great deal of
overlap of some areas of inorganic chemistry with the related areas in other branches of chemistry. A
knowledge of atomic structure and properties of atoms is essential for describing both ionic and covalent
bonding. Because of the importance of atomic structure to several areas of inorganic chemistry,
it is appropriate to begin our study of inorganic chemistry with a brief review of atomic structure and
how our ideas about atoms were developed.
1.1 SOME EARLY EXPERIMENTS IN ATOMIC PHYSICS
It is appropriate at the beginning of a review of atomic structure to ask the question, “ How do we
know what we know? ” In other words, “ What crucial experiments have been performed and what do
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