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Email
address:
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1. Introduction
Coal mines become one of anthropogenic disturbance on tropical forest ecosystem drastically leading to land damage and
degradation. It is the impact of coal exploitation process using surface mining method by dismantling the vegetation, soil and
rock. These activities includes the change of landscape, the change and loss of the stands structure, the increase of green house
gases, the decrease in soil productivity due to changes in the nature and condition of the physical, chemical and biological
properties of soil such as the decrease of soil pH and the increase of soil solubility of heavy metals [1] [2] [3]. Environmental
damage may be worse
as post-mining land left opened without any restoration and rehabilitation efforts.
Exploration C-coal mining in tropical region increases (1,336 million ha) and gives impact on world environmental damage
due to the emission of CO
and extensive of buried heavy metal. Coal mining especially opencast coal mining requires vast land
to explore or to exploit. This exploitation causes environmental problems including soil erosion, pollution of dust, noise and
2