The scales employed to measure variables were all multi-item to
ensure they adequately captured construct domains . The multi-item scales were based on measures from
the previous literature. After the pretest, the questionnaire was also
sent to two academics to solicit their opinions on the content and
wording. Face validity was satisfied following the above procedure
and questionnaire refinement. Each item was measured using a
seven-point Likert scale from 1 to 7. The questionnaire comprises four
parts. The first part measures integration activities and environmental
collaboration with suppliers. Integration activities included the fiveitem
construct of logistical integration and the four-item construct of
technological integration . The five-item
construct of environmental collaboration with suppliers was also
adopted from Vachon and Klassen .