Moreover, the ability of the different techniques in both stages depends highly on a specific manufacturing environment. Therefore all techniques of stage1 do not necessarily have to be implemented before starting first stage. Rather, the implementation of JIT is an ongoing cyclic process of improvements--actions in one area make actions possible in another area. Likewise, Padukone and Subba have grouped the JIT techniques into two stages. The first stage of JIT implementation is composed of areas that are necessary for full JIT to work. They focus on four main elements of JIT that can be achieved in the short term. These are simplicity, flow, quality, and fast set-up and lay the foundation for moving on to the more difficult techniques like kanban and JIT purchasing, which are a part of stage two.