Similarly, Kaplan (1987) maintains that the provision of consulting services, such as the design of accounting systems that the accountants will subsequently audit, undermines auditor independence. He argues against auditors who endorse unrestrainedly the consulting mindset, seeing themselves as assisting corporate management, not monitoring them. In sum, the provision of management advisory services, pre-Enron, was considered in various segments of practitioner and academic literature as a serious threat to auditor independence (Humphrey and Moizer, 1990).