Two laws have come in effect in Japan to alleviate the landfill and electronic waste problems. The first law was most recently revised in 2001, called the Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources (LPUR).[2] This law encourages manufacturers to voluntarily help recycle goods and reduce the generation of the waste. The second law became effective on April 1, 2009, called the Law for the Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances (LRHA).[3] This law imposes more requirements on the recycling efforts of both consumers and manufacturers of home appliances. In October, 2003, taxes were imposed on any computer purchased after that date. If a computer was purchased before that date, those wanting to recycle their computer would pay a nominal fee to keep up with recycling costs.