In sum, progressive extension of intellectual property rights to PGRs was for the most part an American-championed initiative. From its roots in America's domestic law, intellectual property over PGRs was gradually extended to the international arena, first through the UPOV. It now appears to have crystallized as part of international intellectual property jurisprudence under the TRIPS Agreement. Even before it reared its head in the TRIPS Agreement, however, this singular initiative fueled North-South ideological and political conflict over the control of PGRs. As will become clearer in this Article, this ideological tension has ramifications for food security, especially in indigenous and local community practitioners of traditional agriculture.