Group Stages
Tuckman (1965) identified four stages that characterize group process. For professionals involved
in facilitating groups, these stages can serve as a theoretical foundation for understanding
group development. These stages follow:
The Forming Stage
This stage is characterized by an initial orientation to the group with initial dependence and
structure formation. Polite discourse, rules, and silences are typical of this stage.
The Storming Stage
This stage is characterized by conflict and competition, as group members interact and
struggle with individual and group dynamics. Disagreements over process, anger, discourse
on rules and ideas, and basic hostility often mark this stage.
The Norming Stage
This stage is characterized by a beginning sense of cohesiveness as members experiment with
new roles. Basic harmony, established rules and roles, and a beginning sense of support are
characteristic of this stage.
The Performing Stage
This stage is characterized by a supportive process as basic conflicts have been resolved and as
members are able to “perform.” High task orientation, productivity, decreased emotionality,
and enhanced problem solving mark this stage.