Based on using degraded forests, which are proxied by lagged differences between
official forests announced in the royal decree and actual forests obtained from the satellite
pictures since 1961, as instruments; the main results are as follows. Granting partial ownership
increases (1) the productivity of second rice, which largely depends on human effort and
investment, but not of major rice, which relies more on exogenous geographical conditions, (2)
the intensity of land use, measured by multiple cropping index, and leads to (3) changes in the pattern of land use illustrated by a reduction in unused land, a rise in the proportion of land
devoted to paddy fields, and a fall in the proportion of land devoted to permanent trees that could
act as an informal claim for land ownership, (4) a rise in land-related investment (investment in
hydrated lime) but not other types of non-land-related investment, and (5) an improvement in the
quality of the soil reflected in the reduction of soil acidity.
Based on using degraded forests, which are proxied by lagged differences betweenofficial forests announced in the royal decree and actual forests obtained from the satellitepictures since 1961, as instruments; the main results are as follows. Granting partial ownershipincreases (1) the productivity of second rice, which largely depends on human effort andinvestment, but not of major rice, which relies more on exogenous geographical conditions, (2)the intensity of land use, measured by multiple cropping index, and leads to (3) changes in the pattern of land use illustrated by a reduction in unused land, a rise in the proportion of landdevoted to paddy fields, and a fall in the proportion of land devoted to permanent trees that couldact as an informal claim for land ownership, (4) a rise in land-related investment (investment inhydrated lime) but not other types of non-land-related investment, and (5) an improvement in thequality of the soil reflected in the reduction of soil acidity.
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