Job satisfaction was measured with the 20-item Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) developed by Weiss and Davis (1967). MSQ has been used in previous studies of Chinese nurses' job satisfaction. The items form 3 subscales: intrinsic, extrinsic and general satisfaction, with twelve, six and two items, respectively. The subscales use a 5-point Likert score from strongly dissatisfied (1) to strongly satisfied (5), with high scores representing high levels of job satisfaction. In this study, the alpha reliability coefficients were 0.94 for the total scale.