Only one study reported the results of liver function tests to determine the safety of MLE. AST, ALT, and r-GTP levels were slightly elevated in the intervention group, although they were within the normal range. Previous animal studies have reported that MLE reduces carbon tetrachloride (CC14)-induced liver damage as well as AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase level. Furthermore, in a pharmacokinetic animal study, the
concentration of DNJ was 1.1–2.1% and less than 1% after 2 h in the liver and kidney, respectively. DNJ was not metabolized in the kidney; instead, it was excreted through the urine. Another study showed that MLE use improves liver function via a decrease in lipopolysaccharide levels. However, we cannot verify the safetyof MLE for T2DM owing to the limited number of human studies.