This article describes some findings of agricultural research studies being conducted in Japan in three areas: 1) artificial intelligence (AI) or computa- tional intelligence applications in agri- culture and the environment, 2) intelligent environment control for plant production systems, and 3) intelligent robots in agriculture. First,thelatestbiosystem-derivedalgorithmsare discussed. A finite element inverse technique using a photosynthetic algorithm (PA) is described, fol- lowedbyacomparisonofneuralnetworktrainingby a photosynthetic algorithm versus a genetic algo- rithm (GA). Leaf cellular automata (LCA) are intro- duced, and their application to optimization problems is discussed.