There was some debate about whether jazz was commercially viable. On the one hand, advertisers looked away from the straight-ahead classic jazz stations because their Arbitron ratings for market share were low. Meanwhile, advertisers turned to the smooth jazz stations, which attracted a larger mainstream audience. For example, Ron Cowan, CEO and chairman of KJAZ, a satellite station that had broadcasted in both northern California and New York, pointed out that advertisers also turned away from jazz stations because "the highly educated jazz listener has different listening habits than the typical 'drive-time' public. Our audience listened to KJAZ at home or in the office . . . Our heaviest listening began at five or six in the evening. We had a little 1,900-watt license, and we got up to a 5.5 share between 6 PM and midnight. Those hours don't mean anything to an advertising buyer who's looking at drive lime." According to Cowan, "The mainstream jazz aficionado, by and large, is the best edu¬cated and makes the highest income. It's the most desirable demographic for advertis¬ers to reach. That does not hold true for what I would call New Age jazz or yuppie jazz." In 1993, 367 radio stations featured jazz programming as part of their weekly schedule. Of these, 92 percent (337) were FM broadcasts, and 80 percent (295) were on noncommercial, or public radio, stations.