The work reported here has used the set of ISWM benchmark
indicators developed in the original work for UN-Habitat as its
starting point – they remain the broadest in their coverage of both
physical and governance components; the most widely tested
across a number of countries; and the only indicators that have
both the ambition to be, and the experience of having been, applied
across the full range of income levels. Experience in their use led
first to an intermediate update, which was tested in a further five
cities as part of a 2012 GIZ project (Soos et al., 2013), and subsequently
reported on at the ISWA World Congress 2013