Despite these efforts many species in Thailand have
already been extirpated and others reduced to such low
abundance as to be considered ecologically extinct.
Schombergk’s deer (Cervus schomburgk) is now extinct, as
is probably the kouprey (Bos sauveli). Species such as the
Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus), Sumatran
rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) are no more to be
found in the wild. Small populations of brow-antlered
deer (Cervus eldi), and hog deer (Cervus porcinus anna-
miticus) were recently reintroduced after being long
extirpated. Of the 282 species of mammals about 40 are
classified as rare and endangered, and 190 of 916 bird
species, and 37 of 405 species of reptiles and amphibians
are threatened with extinction (OEPP, 1995). One of the
main problems is ongoing human impacts in the pro-
tected area system with fragmentation as a result ofagricultural activities and hunting presenting major
challenges to management.