A consequence of urban bias is that organized urban groups (industrial unions, the chamber of commerce, consumer groups) pressure politicians to keep the prices of industrial goods high and those of agricultural goods low . For example, urban consumers’ groups agitate for export controls on foodstuffs such as rice and sugar; the textile sector contrives a ban on cotton exports. These policies result in low domestic prices for these farm products. Similarly, manufacturing firms as well as organized labor have a common interest in lobbying for protective tariffs, thus maintaining high domestic prices for their products. Some of these domestically produced goods are industrial inputs to agriculture such as fertilizer, pesticides, and agricultural implements like water pumps. Farmers’ incomes and thus any returns they expect to make on investments in their farms are squeezed. Urban bias reduces incentives to invest in agriculture. This is one reason why agricultural productivity is so low in many developing countries.