Gallbladder bile from bears and related carnivores was
obtained from deceased animals at the San Diego Zoo un-
der an approved protocol of the Zoological Society of San
Diego. Bile samples from 11 North American Black bears
that were killed by accident or by hunting in Maine and
Minnesota were analyzed by GLC at the Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA. An additional 57 HPLC
analyses of American Black bears, 3 Polar bears, and 4
North American Brown bears (Ursus arctas; also known as
grizzly bear) were provided by the National Fish and
Wildlife Forensics Laboratory, Ashland, OR. This
laboratory also provided HPLC analyses of bile obtained
from 23 bears with chronic biliary fistulae maintained in
the Peoples Republic of China. Details on the main-
tenance of these animals has been published in the popu-
lar press (14). Capsules (n = 20) of “bear bile” were pur-
chased in traditional Chinese pharmacies. Bile from the
sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) was provided by the Philadel-
phia Zoo (Penrose research laboratory). Bile samples were
dispersed in several volumes of reagent grade isopropanol
immediately after collection to prevent bacterial degrada-
tion. Fecal samples were frozen immediately after collec-
tion and kept at -2OOC until analysis.
Gallbladder bile from bears and related carnivores was
obtained from deceased animals at the San Diego Zoo un-
der an approved protocol of the Zoological Society of San
Diego. Bile samples from 11 North American Black bears
that were killed by accident or by hunting in Maine and
Minnesota were analyzed by GLC at the Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA. An additional 57 HPLC
analyses of American Black bears, 3 Polar bears, and 4
North American Brown bears (Ursus arctas; also known as
grizzly bear) were provided by the National Fish and
Wildlife Forensics Laboratory, Ashland, OR. This
laboratory also provided HPLC analyses of bile obtained
from 23 bears with chronic biliary fistulae maintained in
the Peoples Republic of China. Details on the main-
tenance of these animals has been published in the popu-
lar press (14). Capsules (n = 20) of “bear bile” were pur-
chased in traditional Chinese pharmacies. Bile from the
sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) was provided by the Philadel-
phia Zoo (Penrose research laboratory). Bile samples were
dispersed in several volumes of reagent grade isopropanol
immediately after collection to prevent bacterial degrada-
tion. Fecal samples were frozen immediately after collec-
tion and kept at -2OOC until analysis.
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