The second approach, which will be used here, follows
the arguments of Ransan (1955) and Albrecht et al.
(1988) that the effectiveness of internal auditing is
not a computable reality, but rather is determined by
the subjective evaluations assigned to this function by
management. In other words, the success of any internal
audit can only be measured against the expectations
of the relevant stakeholders (Albrecht et al. 1988).
This approach requires the development of systematic
and generally valid measures by which to gauge IA
effectiveness (Schneider 1984; Dittenhofer 2001). One
of the early efforts in this regard is that of Hoag
(1981), who designed a questionnaire designed to elicit
managerial feedback for each internal auditing activity
in an organisation. The questionnaire covered four
issues: planning and preparation; the quality of the
audit report; the timing of the audit; and the quality
of communication between the relevant actors. Based
on managers’ responses, an average score was calculated
for the effectiveness of a given auditing task.