Methods
A retrospective review of the medical records
of all patients admitted to the CVICU at Lucile
packard children 's hospital at stanford,
California from October 16, 2010, through
January 31 , 2011,was conducted. The investi-
gationreviwed electronic medication admin-
isteation records to determine the frequency
and timing of as- needed medicattion usage to
treat pain and achieve sedation. Data collec-
tion included surgical date and the
time of as-needed sedative and analgesic drug
administeation for each patient during the
study period . Doses were separated on the
basis of time of day , administered and catego-
rized as given during the day (7 am-7 pm)
or the night shift (7 pm -7 am ). The institu
tional review board found found this investigation
be exempt from approval.