Other intellectual justifications for the New Public Management evolved as well. These justifications, as Lynn (1996) notes, largely came from the “public policy” schools that developed in the l97Os and from the “managerialist” movement around the world (Pollitt l990). Kaboolian notes that the New Public Management relies on “market-like arrangements such as competition within units of government and across government boundaries to the non-profit and for-profit sectors. Performance bonuses, and penalties (to) loosen the inefficient monopoly franchise of public agencies and public employees" (1998, 190). Elaborating this point, Hood writes that the New Public Management moves away from traditional modes of legitimizing the public bureaucracy, such as procedural safeguards on administrative discretion, in favor of “trust in the market and private business methods ideas couched in the language of economic rationalism” (1995, 94).