the penalty kick when being filmed. They were instructed to start the preparation
of the penalty from a predefined spot holding the ball in front of their stomach, 2
m behind the penalty spot. Each clip involved the actor approaching the penalty
spot, placing the ball, walking back to a predefined mark—2.5 m back and 1 m to
the left of the goal, representing a typical run-up for a right-footed player—and
finally commencing the run-up. All players practiced this procedure several times
to ensure that it was approximately the same for each player.