Duration of Antibiotic Therapy
A system-based approach to antimicrobial therapy is
outlined in the following paragraphs. The guidelines
provided in this section strike a balance between prudent
antibiotic use and recommendations from the scientific literature. However, the equine literature is
not always based on objective scientific studies. Clinical
reports, antimicrobial susceptibility data and clinical
experience are often used to formulate published
recommendations because of the relative paucity of
scientific data. As such, the scientific literature tends
to be dominated by recommendations that promote
the use of broad-spectrum drugs and antimicrobial
combinations, especially penicillin with gentamicin.
There is a need for more research to rationalize the
use of antimicrobials in equine medicine.
The following tables provide recommendations
for specific diseases/syndromes and pathogens. The
tables have been drafted considering a combination
of factors, including expected pathogens, expected
susceptibility patterns and typical patient factors.
The recommended doses for antimicrobial agents
used in equine medicine are listed in Table 10.2.
The scientific quality of the literature on which these
tables are based is highly variable, as there is a general
paucity of well-controlled studies on antimicrobial
efficacy in horses. Many antimicrobial recommendations,
particularly multiple drug combinations, have
been passed down through the literature but are not
based on any objective data. A common example of
this is the combination of penicillin, gentamicin and
metronidazole, which is sometimes used for the treatment
of life-threatening conditions such as pleuropneumonia
and peritonitis. This triple antimicrobial
combination is considered the most broad-spectrum
coverage possible for equine pathogens, with the
exception of resistant organisms and Mycoplasma spp.
However, this triple combination tends to be employed
based on fears of missing a pathogen involved, economic
value of the horse or lack of knowledge about
the disease. The combination of a β-lactam with an
aminogylcoside is a very broad-spectrum combination
for sensitive organisms. However, some anaerobes,
notably some strains of Clostridium and Bacteroides
are not affected by β-lactams. Metronidazole treatment
improves anaerobic coverage with better
pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics
for long-acting penetration into difficult to reach
body sites. Nevertheless, most infections in horses are
caused by aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria, and thus this triple antimicrobial combination
does not represent improved coverage. In fact,
it is possible that the more antimicrobial treatments
that disrupt the intestinal anaerobic population, the
more likely the horse could develop antimicrobialassociated colitis. Thus, it would be more prudent to
put thought and effort into finding the cause(s) and
choose antimicrobials with better pharmacodynamic
and pharmacokinetic characteristics against Grampositive
and Gram-negative infections. Equine anaerobic
infections in most cases are more likely associated
with mixed chronic infections (e.g. >5 days) in body
sites that can develop into low oxygen tension sites
(e.g. pleura, peritoneum, deep wounds).
Our recommendations should be considered general
guidelines that do not supersede information
obtained through culture and susceptibility testing
from the individual patient. Most of them are disease-specific
recommendations that can be used in
situations where the specific agent or its susceptibility
pattern is unknown, when samples are not submitted
to laboratory diagnosis or while culture results are
pending. Only few pathogen-specific recommendations
are provided to guide antimicrobial selection
when the causative agent has been identified and in
vitro susceptibility data are available, as this situation
is rather infrequent in clinical practice. In some situations,
multiple options are presented in each category
(first, second and last choice). This is because
recommended drugs within the same category are
presumed to be similarly appropriate and other factors
such as cost, route of administration and patient
factors (e.g. age, concurrent disease) should be considered
for selecting the best antimicrobial option.
Furthermore, not all of the suggested antimicrobials
are available in all jurisdictions and the use of certain
compounds (i.e. chloramphenicol) is banned in
some countries.
Duration of Antibiotic Therapy A system-based approach to antimicrobial therapy isoutlined in the following paragraphs. The guidelinesprovided in this section strike a balance between prudentantibiotic use and recommendations from the scientific literature. However, the equine literature isnot always based on objective scientific studies. Clinicalreports, antimicrobial susceptibility data and clinicalexperience are often used to formulate publishedrecommendations because of the relative paucity ofscientific data. As such, the scientific literature tendsto be dominated by recommendations that promotethe use of broad-spectrum drugs and antimicrobialcombinations, especially penicillin with gentamicin.There is a need for more research to rationalize theuse of antimicrobials in equine medicine.The following tables provide recommendationsfor specific diseases/syndromes and pathogens. Thetables have been drafted considering a combinationof factors, including expected pathogens, expectedsusceptibility patterns and typical patient factors.The recommended doses for antimicrobial agentsused in equine medicine are listed in Table 10.2.The scientific quality of the literature on which thesetables are based is highly variable, as there is a generalpaucity of well-controlled studies on antimicrobialefficacy in horses. Many antimicrobial recommendations,particularly multiple drug combinations, havebeen passed down through the literature but are notbased on any objective data. A common example ofthis is the combination of penicillin, gentamicin andmetronidazole, which is sometimes used for the treatmentof life-threatening conditions such as pleuropneumoniaand peritonitis. This triple antimicrobialcombination is considered the most broad-spectrumcoverage possible for equine pathogens, with theexception of resistant organisms and Mycoplasma spp.However, this triple combination tends to be employedbased on fears of missing a pathogen involved, economicvalue of the horse or lack of knowledge aboutthe disease. The combination of a β-lactam with anaminogylcoside is a very broad-spectrum combinationfor sensitive organisms. However, some anaerobes,notably some strains of Clostridium and Bacteroidesare not affected by β-lactams. Metronidazole treatmentimproves anaerobic coverage with betterpharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristicsfor long-acting penetration into difficult to reachbody sites. Nevertheless, most infections in horses arecaused by aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negativebacteria, and thus this triple antimicrobial combinationdoes not represent improved coverage. In fact,it is possible that the more antimicrobial treatmentsthat disrupt the intestinal anaerobic population, themore likely the horse could develop antimicrobialassociated colitis. Thus, it would be more prudent toput thought and effort into finding the cause(s) and
choose antimicrobials with better pharmacodynamic
and pharmacokinetic characteristics against Grampositive
and Gram-negative infections. Equine anaerobic
infections in most cases are more likely associated
with mixed chronic infections (e.g. >5 days) in body
sites that can develop into low oxygen tension sites
(e.g. pleura, peritoneum, deep wounds).
Our recommendations should be considered general
guidelines that do not supersede information
obtained through culture and susceptibility testing
from the individual patient. Most of them are disease-specific
recommendations that can be used in
situations where the specific agent or its susceptibility
pattern is unknown, when samples are not submitted
to laboratory diagnosis or while culture results are
pending. Only few pathogen-specific recommendations
are provided to guide antimicrobial selection
when the causative agent has been identified and in
vitro susceptibility data are available, as this situation
is rather infrequent in clinical practice. In some situations,
multiple options are presented in each category
(first, second and last choice). This is because
recommended drugs within the same category are
presumed to be similarly appropriate and other factors
such as cost, route of administration and patient
factors (e.g. age, concurrent disease) should be considered
for selecting the best antimicrobial option.
Furthermore, not all of the suggested antimicrobials
are available in all jurisdictions and the use of certain
compounds (i.e. chloramphenicol) is banned in
some countries.
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