Waltz’s ‘second image’ thus viewed domestic politics as influencing international politics, but not vice versa. This began to be questioned by comparative scholars who suggested the causaul relationship between international and domestic policy-making could also flow in the opposite direction. According to what Peter Gourevitch(1978) described as the ‘second image reversed’, the structure of domestic policy-making could be viewed as a consequence of international politics – not just its cause. International-level trade policies, for example, could impact on the political power of different interest groups (Rogowski, 1986), particularly the balance of power between capital and labour (Hiscox, 2001).