For the case study, the town of Kil (pronounced shil) in the municipality of Kil was selected. The municipality of Kil is one of 16 municipalities in Va ̈ rmland County in west central Sweden (see Fig. 2). The municipalities of Karlstad, Forshaga, Arvika, Grums, and Sunne border the municipality of Kil.
The town of Kil was selected as a case study area based on previous contacts the authors had with the municipality of Kil as research partners at the Division of Chemical Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. This division was involved in research and development work on gasification of waste and designing a catalytic combustor for gasified waste. The aim was to develop technologies for heat and power supply for small municipalities in Sweden and Europe. Kil is, in many ways, a leading